Sleep Deprivation Statistics (Canada): Data & Trends (2026 Updated)

Nearly half of Canadian adults report trouble sleeping—and the fallout reaches far beyond feeling tired. These sleep statistics paint a clear picture: Canada has a sleep deficiency crisis. Here's what the latest sleep research reveals about the scope, cost, and causes of sleep deprivation across Canada, and what sleep medicine experts say we should do about it.

Key Takeaways

• Canada loses an estimated $21.4 billion in GDP annually due to insufficient sleep, plus $502 million in direct healthcare costs—making lack of sleep one of the most expensive public health issues in the country.
• 1 in 3 Canadians is sleep-deprived, and insomnia prevalence has jumped 42% since 2007. Post-pandemic rates surged even further, with 32.6% of Canadians developing clinical insomnia after the initial COVID-19 outbreak.
• Women, Indigenous peoples, shift workers, and low-income Canadians face the highest rates of sleep deprivation—yet these disparities are rarely addressed in public health policy.
• Sleep deprivation isn't just a personal problem—it's an economic one. Workers sleeping fewer than six hours per night lose roughly six extra working days per year in productivity, and people living with insomnia are 7x more likely to have a workplace accident.
• Your sleep environment matters more than most people realize. Research shows that new bedding systems can improve sleep quality by up to 55%—yet mattress quality is rarely mentioned in clinical sleep medicine advice.

How Many Canadians Are Sleep Deprived: Key Sleep Statistics & Data

About 17.2% of Canadian adults—roughly 1 in 6—get less than seven hours of sleep per night. According to Statistics Canada, that's the clinical threshold below which health risks start to climb. Sleep duration data from the Canadian Community Health Survey confirms this is a persistent, worsening trend.

But the broader picture is worse. 48% of Canadian adults report trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. And Canada ranks third among developed countries for sleep deprivation, behind only Japan and the United Kingdom.

Here's a snapshot of where sleep statistics in Canada stand:

These aren't just abstract numbers. They translate to higher rates of chronic disease, heart disease, workplace accidents, car crashes, and mental health crises across the country. Sleep statistics like these make clear that lack of sleep is one of Canada's most underaddressed health outcomes.

How Much Sleep Do Canadians Get on Average?

The typical Canadian adult gets just over seven hours of sleep per night, barely meeting minimum recommendations. Sleep duration guidelines suggest this national average obscures the fact that many Canadians consistently get less sleep than recommended.

But averages hide the problem. 33% of Canadian men aged 30–49 report getting just 4–6 hours of sleep per night, a dangerously short duration. Parents with young children, shift workers, and health care workers consistently fall below the minimum threshold. Self-reported sleep duration tends to be slightly higher than actual sleep duration measured in clinical studies, meaning the real numbers may be even worse.

Here's how sleep duration recommendations break down by age group:

Canadian teens are among the most underslept. Research from SickKids and Dalhousie University shows that teens are averaging just 6.5–7.5 hours of sleep, well below the 8–10 hours they need. Dr. Indra Narang at SickKids has called it "an epidemic of sleep deprivation" among Canadian youth. For school-aged children, the numbers are similarly concerning—30–40% aren't meeting sleep duration recommendations.

What Are the Leading Causes of Sleep Deprivation in Canada?

A single factor doesn't cause sleep deprivation in Canada—it's driven by a combination of lifestyle, work, environmental, and health factors that overlap and reinforce each other. Sleep medicine professionals point to several major contributors.

Stress and anxiety are the biggest drivers. 36.3% of Canadians who don't get enough sleep report chronic stress, compared to 23.2% of those who sleep well. The relationship runs both directions—lack of sleep worsens anxiety and depression, and psychological struggles make it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep throughout the night.

Work schedules and shift work are a major factor. Canada has no national standard for shift work duty hours outside Quebec, which abolished 24-hour hospital shifts in 2011. The rest of the country has no such limits, leaving millions of shift workers with fragmented sleep and chronic sleep deficiency. Irregular schedules driven by work demands are among the hardest sleep disorders to correct because they're structurally imposed.

Screen time and technology disrupt circadian rhythms through exposure to blue light and the cognitive stimulation of scrolling before bed. This is especially pronounced in teens and young adults, and directly contributes to short sleep duration in these groups.

Sleep disorders go undiagnosed at alarming rates. An estimated 5.4 million Canadians are diagnosed with or at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea—and 80% of cases remain undiagnosed. Sleep apnea alone causes millions of hours of disrupted sleep each year. Other sleep disorders, including restless leg syndrome and circadian rhythm conditions, further reduce sleep duration across the population.

Physical discomfort and a poor sleep environment round out the picture. An old or unsupportive mattress, a warm bedroom, or high indoor CO₂ levels all disrupt sleep and decrease sleep quality. Research shows bedroom CO₂ levels in Canadian homes frequently exceed 1,150 ppm—a threshold linked to next-day cognitive impairment.

What Are the Factors That Contribute to Sleep Debt?

The cumulative effect of lost sleep builds when you consistently don't get enough sleep. And contrary to popular belief, you can't fully "catch up" on weekends.

The 7-hour threshold is where problems begin. When sleep duration falls below 7 hours per night, measurable declines in immune function, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation are observed across studies. The damage compounds over time, and weekend recovery only partially reverses the metabolic and cognitive effects of chronic sleep deficiency.

Factors that compound lack of sleep include irregular schedules (rotating shifts, jet lag, inconsistent bedtimes), stimulant use (caffeine after noon, nicotine), alcohol consumption (which fragments sleep architecture and reduces how well you rest, even in moderate amounts), chronic pain or discomfort, and anxiety or racing thoughts at bedtime. Each of these risk factors chips away at sleep duration and sleep quantity night after night.

For Canadians working non-traditional schedules—especially the 1.6 million Canadians in shift work—the problem accumulates rapidly. Research shows that 43% of all main sleep periods among healthcare shift workers fell below 7 hours. These workers often struggle to fall asleep during the day, disrupting their circadian rhythm and reducing total sleep time.

How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Physical & Mental Health?

The physical and mental health consequences of chronic lack of sleep are severe and well-documented. Sleep plays a direct role in nearly every system in the body, and sleep deficiency accelerates the breakdown of human health over time.

Physically, sleeping fewer than six hours per night is associated with a 13% higher mortality risk than sleeping seven to nine hours. Insufficient sleep is independently linked to type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and weakened immune function. Research shows that insufficient sleep costs Canada $92 million annually in diabetes-related healthcare and $219 million in depression-related costs alone. Lack of sleep also raises body mass index over time and is a known contributor to heart disease and neurological disorders.

Mentally, the connections are equally stark. Canadians who don't meet sleep duration recommendations are significantly more likely to report suicidal ideation. 36.3% of insufficient sleepers experience chronic stress, compared to 23.2% of adequate sleepers. And 12.3% report poor mental health, compared to just 5.8% of those getting enough sleep. Sleep deficiency is also linked to bipolar disorder flare-ups and worsening symptoms of existing conditions. Lack of sleep erodes emotional regulation, making everyday life harder to manage.

Cognitively, when you stay awake for 18 hours, impairment is equivalent to a blood alcohol content of 0.05%—just under the legal driving limit. This has real consequences: 20% of Canadian drivers report having fallen asleep at the wheel. Excessive daytime sleepiness due to insufficient sleep leads to poor decision-making, slower reaction time, and an increased risk of accidents in everyday life.

Sleep deprivation also impairs empathy. Research found that sleep-deprived people—particularly paramedics—show measurably lower empathy toward patients. This finding has serious implications for frontline healthcare quality and demonstrates how lack of sleep affects not just individual health but the health outcomes of those around us.

What Is the Prevalence of Sleep Disorders in Canada?

Sleep disorders are widespread and significantly underdiagnosed across Canada. Statistics Canada data and peer-reviewed studies confirm that millions of Canadians live with undiagnosed or poorly managed sleep disorders.

Insomnia is the most common, affecting an estimated 16.3% of Canadian adults—roughly 5 million people. This represents a 42% increase since 2007. Common sleep symptoms include difficulty falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, and waking unrefreshed—all of which reduce total sleep duration and worsen sleep health over time.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects an estimated 5.4 million Canadian adults, either diagnosed or at high risk. Obstructive sleep apnea is a form of sleep-disordered breathing characterized by repeated pauses in airflow during sleep, which prevent deep and REM sleep. Roughly 80% of sleep apnea cases go undiagnosed, meaning millions of Canadians are living with a condition that increases their risk of heart disease, stroke, and sudden death without knowing it. Sleep apnea is also tied to increased risk of hypertension and metabolic dysfunction.

Other common sleep disorders include restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy, and circadian rhythm disorders—all sleep-related disorders that contribute to sleep disturbances and poor sleep quality across the population. Each disrupts the sleep cycle in different ways, fragmenting rest and reducing total sleep duration.

The self-treatment response is telling. Research shows that 14.7% of adults use prescribed medications for sleep, 28.7% use over-the-counter or natural sleep aids, 15.6% use cannabis to help fall asleep, and 9.7% use alcohol as a sleep aid. That means nearly 7 in 10 Canadians with sleep problems are trying to medicate their way to better rest—often without professional guidance from a sleep medicine specialist. The Sleep Foundation and other organizations recommend consulting a physician before relying on any sleep aid long-term.

What Are the Most Common Insomnia Symptoms?

Insomnia shows up in several ways, and it's not just about lying awake at night staring at the ceiling. Sleep medicine professionals classify the condition into distinct categories.

The most common symptoms include difficulty falling asleep (sleep onset insomnia), waking up frequently during the night and having trouble staying asleep (sleep maintenance insomnia), waking too early and being unable to fall back asleep, feeling unrefreshed despite spending enough hours of sleep in bed, and daytime sleepiness, irritability, or difficulty concentrating. These sleep disturbances can affect physical, mental, and overall health.

According to national survey data, nighttime symptoms—particularly sleep maintenance issues—are the most self-reported. Women are more likely to experience insomnia than men (23.1% vs. 14.8%), and rates climb with age, lower income, and chronic health conditions.

If these symptoms persist for three or more months and affect your daily functioning, it meets the clinical definition of chronic insomnia. Canadian researchers, led by Dr. Charles Morin, Canada Research Chair in Sleep at Laval University, recommend Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) as the first-line treatment, not medication.

How Have Canadian Sleep Trends Changed Over Time?

Canadian sleep patterns have deteriorated significantly over the past two decades, with the COVID-19 pandemic accelerating an already troubling trend in sleep health across the country.

Between 2007 and 2015, insomnia prevalence rose steadily across all groups. Then COVID hit, and sleep fell apart. Average sleep duration dropped, and sleep problems surged.

Research led by Dr. Charles Morin tracked a dramatic surge in Canadian insomnia rates:

That post-outbreak number—32.6%—means roughly one in three Canadians developed insomnia during or after the pandemic. Globally, researchers coined the term "coronasomnia" to describe this phenomenon. An estimated 18% of the global population experienced clinical sleep problems during the pandemic, with 36% reporting insomnia during the first wave alone.

For Canadians, the pandemic didn't just disrupt sleep temporarily—it left lasting damage. The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre estimates roughly half of all Canadians now struggle with some form of sleep difficulty. The Canadian government responded by investing $3.8 million in sleep research. Still, sleep health experts and sleep medicine professionals say this barely scratches the surface of what's needed to address Canada's sleep deficiency crisis.

What Is the Economic Cost of Sleep Deprivation in Canada?

Sleep deprivation is one of the most expensive public health problems in Canada—yet it rarely makes the headlines. The economic cost of insufficient sleep runs far deeper than most people realize.

Lack of sleep costs Canada up to $21.4 billion annually, or roughly 1.35% of the nation's GDP. That's the equivalent of 78,000 lost working days every year. These sleep statistics place Canada among the hardest-hit developed nations.

On the healthcare side, the direct and indirect costs of sleep deprivation add up to $502 million per year. The two biggest cost drivers were depression ($219 million) and type 2 diabetes ($92 million)—both conditions with strong causal links to chronic sleep deprivation and short sleep duration.

For employers, the hidden cost is presenteeism—workers who show up but perform poorly because they didn't get enough sleep. Workers who get fewer than 6 hours of sleep experience 2.4% higher productivity loss, translating to roughly 6 additional lost working days per year per employee. That cost is invisible because sleep-deprived people are physically present but cognitively impaired.

People living with insomnia are 7x more likely to be involved in a workplace accident. For employers with mobile workforces—such as trucking, sales, healthcare, and trades—the liability implications are significant. Health agencies worldwide classify sleep deficiency as a serious public health concern, alongside well-established risks like smoking and inactivity.

Which Groups Are Most Affected by Sleep Deprivation?

Sleep deprivation doesn't hit everyone equally. Certain groups carry a disproportionate burden, and sleep health disparities in Canada mirror broader social and economic inequalities.

By Age

Young adults (18–34) are among the worst affected, driven by screen use, social demands, and irregular schedules. 30–40% of Canadian children and teens don't get enough sleep either—SickKids researchers have described it as a "sleepidemic." For school-aged children, insufficient sleep duration affects physical and mental health, academic performance, and activity levels.

Older adults (65+) often experience changes in sleep architecture that reduce deep sleep and REM sleep, though their recommended hours of sleep are slightly lower (7–8 hours). Chronic pain, medication side effects, and sleep apnea prevalence make older adults particularly vulnerable to poor sleep quality and sleep disturbances.

Parents—especially those with children under five—consistently report shorter sleep duration and more fragmented sleep. The cumulative impact of months of disrupted rest during early parenthood takes a real toll on health.

Gender Differences

Women experience insomnia at significantly higher rates than men: 23.1% vs. 14.8%. Women also self-reported more sleep problems and greater difficulty during the pandemic, likely tied to disproportionate caregiving responsibilities. Sleep medicine research suggests hormonal fluctuations also affect how much sleep women need and how easily they can fall asleep.

Shift Workers and Healthcare Professionals

This is where the data gets alarming. 44.2% of young Canadian physicians report sleep deprivation, and 43% of healthcare shift workers' main sleep periods fall below seven hours. Canadian medical residents work up to 26-hour shifts with no national duty hour limits—Quebec is the only province to cap shifts at 16 hours. This represents one of the biggest threats to patient safety.

The consequences are measurable: nurses working 12.5+ hour shifts have a 3x higher risk of error than those working 8.5-hour shifts. ICU nurse Josée Gobeil shared her story after 35 years of night shifts—managing just 3–4.5 hours of sleep per day. These patterns are unsustainable and reflect a systemic failure in how we protect frontline staff.

Indigenous and Rural Communities

A Canadian study found that Indigenous peoples have a relative risk of 1.77 for insomnia compared to the general population—meaning they're nearly twice as likely to experience sleep disorders. Research in two Saskatchewan First Nations communities found a 25.4% prevalence of sleep deprivation, with a direct connection to housing conditions, including visible mould. These health outcomes reflect broader determinants of health and deserve targeted public health attention.

Provincial Variation

Sleep duration varies across provinces, with differences tied to urbanization, industry mix (more shift work in resource-dependent provinces), and socioeconomic factors. Lower-income and less educated Canadians consistently reported worse outcomes and fewer hours of sleep per night.

How Does Your Sleep Environment Affect Sleep Quality?

Most sleep medicine advice focuses on behaviour—turn off screens, cut caffeine, stick to a schedule. All of that helps. But your physical sleep environment plays a bigger role in sleep health than most people realize, and it can either support high-quality sleep or undermine it.

Research shows that new bedding systems improved sleep quality by up to 55% and significantly reduced back pain and perceived stress. Medium-firm mattresses showed the best outcomes for both pain reduction and higher quality sleep. If you're not getting good quality sleep, your mattress could be a contributing factor.

Your mattress degrades over time. After 7–10 years, most conventional mattresses lose their ability to support your spine and relieve pressure points properly—sagging, body impressions, and material breakdown all fragment sleep—often without you noticing. An older mattress may reduce sleep quality over time, contributing to trouble falling and staying asleep.

Temperature regulation is another factor that affects how much sleep you actually get. Synthetic foam mattresses tend to trap body heat, while natural materials like latex, organic cotton, and wool breathe and wick moisture. For Canadians dealing with seasonal temperature swings, a breathable sleep surface makes a measurable difference in both sleep duration and sleep quality.

At Fawcett, we build our mattresses with 100% Natural Talalay Latex, organic cotton, and Joma Wool®—materials chosen specifically for their breathability, support, and longevity. Our natural latex mattresses maintain their firmness year after year because the material is highly resilient and doesn't break down like synthetic foam. That's why they last 15–20 years—about twice as long as the average mattress.

Indoor air quality matters too. Bedroom CO₂ levels in Canadian homes frequently exceed 1,150 ppm, a level associated with impaired cognition the next day. Proper ventilation and non-toxic bedding materials help keep your sleep space healthier.

What Are Experts and Public Health Officials Recommending?

Canadian sleep medicine researchers are pushing for systemic changes, not just individual behaviour tips. Sleep health needs to be treated as a public health priority, not an afterthought.

Dr. Charles Morin, Canada Research Chair in Sleep at Laval University, positions sleep alongside nutrition and exercise as the "three pillars" of health. He advocates for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) as the frontline treatment—not pills. His research shows CBT-I produces lasting improvements without the dependency risks of prescription sleep aids.

Public health campaigns are expanding. The "Sleep On It" campaign and the National Sleep Foundation provide evidence-based resources for Canadians who aren't getting enough sleep. And in 2022, the Canadian government invested $3.8 million in related research—a start, but the Sleep Foundation and disease control experts say far more is needed.

School start times are a growing area of focus. Researchers at SickKids and Dalhousie University are calling for later school start times to align with adolescent circadian biology. The evidence is clear that early start times contribute to chronic sleep deprivation and short sleep duration in teens and school-aged children.

For employers, research recommends subsidizing nap facilities, supporting flexible scheduling, and treating sleep health as a core part of workplace wellness—on par with nutrition, physical activity, and disease control programs. The cost of lost sleep adds up fast. Given the $21.4-billion annual cost, the return on investment is hard to ignore. Statistics Canada data support prioritizing healthy sleep as a strategy for better health outcomes.

What Happens When You Don't Get Enough Sleep?

The impacts of insufficient sleep, in both the short- and long-term, are widely recognized. How does sleep affect your body and mind? The answer from sleep medicine is clear: profoundly.

In the short term (one to three nights of not getting enough sleep), you'll experience reduced concentration and reaction time, impaired decision-making and memory, increased irritability and weakened emotional regulation, higher pain sensitivity, and weakened immune response. Even one night of disrupted rest can impair your ability to stay awake and function during everyday life.

As weeks turn into months, the consequences intensify, including higher risks of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, deteriorating mental health, reduced social functioning, increased accident risk, and faster cognitive decline. Chronic sleep deprivation also disrupts the sleep cycle, reducing time spent in deep and REM sleep—the restorative stages that support physical and mental health. Untreated sleep disorders like sleep apnea compound these effects further.

The data puts it bluntly: sleeping fewer than six hours per night carries a 13% higher mortality risk than sleeping seven to nine hours. And when you stay awake for 18 consecutive hours, impairment matches a blood alcohol content of 0.05%. Sleep duration below this threshold is one of the most overlooked contributors to poor health outcomes.

How to Improve Sleep Quality

Improving your sleep doesn't require a complete lifestyle overhaul. Focus on the factors that produce the biggest returns for healthy sleep and better sleep duration.

1. Fix your sleep environment first. Evaluate your mattress—if it's more than 7–10 years old, sagging, or no longer comfortable, it's likely affecting the number of hours you get of sleep. Research supports medium-firm mattresses with breathable, natural materials for the best outcomes. Our Galiano all-latex mattress and Cumberland hybrid are both built with customizable firmness to match your specific sleep needs. Keep your bedroom cool (18–20°C), dark, and well-ventilated.
2. Build consistent sleep habits. Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day—including weekends. This reinforces your circadian rhythm and improves both how quickly you fall asleep and how well you rest over time. Consistent sleep habits are the foundation of healthy sleep.
3. Manage light exposure. Seek out bright light in the morning, then minimize screen use and blue light exposure before bed. For shift workers, timed light exposure therapy can be more effective than prescription aids for circadian rhythm adjustment and helps you fall asleep faster.
4. Be cautious with sleep aids. With 28.7% of Canadians using OTC sleep aids and 15.6% using cannabis to fall asleep, self-treatment is widespread. But these solutions often mask the underlying sleep problems. If sleep difficulties persist for more than three months, talk to a sleep medicine professional about CBT-I.
5. Prioritize physical activity. Regular exercise promotes better sleep by increasing total sleep time, reducing sleep latency, and enhancing deep and REM sleep. Moderate activity for 30 minutes most days is often enough to see benefits.
6. Invest in quality. Think of your sleep setup the way you think about nutrition—the quality of the inputs matters. Explore our full mattress collection or visit our showrooms in Victoria or Nanaimo to find a sleep surface that actually supports better rest. You can also browse our hybrid mattress collection if you prefer the combined feel of natural latex and pocket coil support.

FAQs

Is It Better to Sleep 7.5 or 8 Hours?

Both 7.5 and 8 hours of sleep fall within the recommended range of 7–9 hours for adults, and either is a solid target for healthy sleep. Sleep happens in roughly 90-minute cycles, so 7.5 hours (five full cycles) may help some people wake up feeling more refreshed than 8 hours, which falls mid-cycle. The National Sleep Foundation notes that the best sleep duration is the one that leaves you feeling alert and functional throughout the day without relying on caffeine or sleep medication. Track how you feel at different durations rather than fixating on a specific number—both sleep quantity and quality matter for sufficient sleep.

How Does Canada's Sleep Compare to Other Countries?

Canada ranks third among developed nations in terms of sleep deprivation, behind Japan and the United Kingdom. The economic toll of $21.4 billion in annual GDP loss places Canada behind only the U.S. and Japan in absolute cost. Statistics Canada data shows Canadians average about 7 hours of sleep per night—slightly below the global average for developed countries and notably below countries like the Netherlands and New Zealand, where average sleep duration approaches 7.5–8 hours per night.

How Does Screen Time Affect Sleep in Canada?

Screen exposure before bed suppresses melatonin production and delays sleep onset by signalling your brain that it's still daytime. This effect is driven by the blue light emitted from phones, tablets, and laptops—and it can decrease sleep quality even when total hours of sleep remain the same. Canadian teens are especially affected—they average 6.5–7.5 hours of sleep, well below the recommended 8–10, and high screen use is a major contributor to poor sleep quality. Sleep medicine experts recommend avoiding screens for at least 30–60 minutes before bed. Reducing blue light with night mode can help, though eliminating screen use before bed is more effective for sleep health.

In Summary

Sleep deprivation in Canada is a public health problem with a price tag that runs into the tens of billions. It affects nearly every aspect of everyday life—from individual well-being and workplace productivity to healthcare costs and road safety. Sleep statistics from Statistics Canada and global studies confirm that lack of sleep is among the most underaddressed threats to population health.

The data is clear: one in three Canadians isn't getting enough sleep, the problem has worsened significantly since the pandemic, and the groups who need help most—shift workers, Indigenous communities, women, low-income Canadians—are the least likely to receive it. Healthy sleep, better sleep health education, and systemic changes in sleep medicine policy are all part of the solution.

What's encouraging is that many of the solutions are within reach. Better sleep starts with recognizing it as a priority on par with nutrition and exercise, optimizing your sleep environment to support high-quality sleep, and seeking professional help when needed.

If your mattress has seen better days, that's one of the simplest upgrades you can make. Explore our handcrafted mattresses—or visit our Victoria or Nanaimo showrooms to feel the difference a quality sleep surface makes.

Citations:

[1] https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2022003/article/00001-eng.htm
[2] https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1791.html
[3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35400617/
[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352721824000226
[5] https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-43-no-5-2023/associations-sleep-duration-sleep-quality-indicators-mental-health-among-youth-and-adults.html
[6] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8220004/
[7] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40914-x
[8] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11141769/
[9] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2697581/
[10] https://css-scs.ca/share-your-sleep-story/sleepless-but-not-powerless-sleep-stories-of-healthcare-workers/